UNIT 2

Describing Company & Its History
(page 17-18)
2. STUDY POINT
1. Complete the sentence with a preposition!

a. The company expanded in the 80’s.
b. I joined AMT in 1991.
c. I left on the spring.
d. The company was taken over on the end of that month.
e. I got a new job with CDR on May 1st.
f. I was sent to Miamy in the beginning of July.
g. My boss called me at 9:00 AM on Tuesday August 5th.
h. He wanted me to go to Rome in September.
i. I called him back at 3:00 PM.

4. Now put these sentences into passive!

a. We bought a factory in Mexico in 1987.
A factory was bought by us in Mexico in 1987.
b. We acquired our Japanese subsidiary in 1988.
Our Japanese was acquired by us in 1988.
c. We closed the Mexician factory in 1989.
It was closed by us in 1989.
d. ZRF took us over in1992.
We take ZRF over in 1992.
e. They tore down the original factory.
The original factory
f. They built a new one on the same site.
A new one was built by them on the same site.
g. They completed the building work in 1993.
The building work was completed by them in 1993.
h. The president opened the new factory.
The new factory was opened by the president.

2. VOCABULARY

Complete the table. Working in pairs, write sentences using the words.





Verb
Noun

To merge
To acquired
To take
To expatiate
To produce
To increase
To decrease
To close (down)
To sell off
To grow
A merge
An acquirement
An takeover
expansion
a production
An increase
A decrease
A closeners
sell out
a grower


(page 24)
EXERCISES 43.1
1. The Bill includes service.
Service is included in in the bill.
2. People don’t use this road very often.
This road isn’t used by people.
3. They canceled all flights because of fog .
All flights were cancelled by them .
4. Somebody accused me of stealing the money.
I was accused of stealing the money by them.
5. They are building a new ring road round the city.
A new ring road is being built by them round the city.
6. I didn’t realise that someone was recording our conversation.
I didn’t realise that our conversation was being recorded.
7. They have changed the date of the meeting.
The date of the meeting has been change by them.
8. Bryan told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street.
Bryan told me that he had been attacked and robbed by somebody in the street.

EXERCISES 43.2
1. This is very popular televison programm.
Every week it is watched by millions of poeple.
2. What happenes to the cars produced in this factory?
Most of them is exported.
3. A: Was there any truble at the demonstration?
B: Yes. About 20 poeple arrested.
4. A: There is no longer military service in Britain.
B: Really? When was it abolished?
5. A: Did anybody call ambulance to the scene of the accident?
B: Yes. But nobody injured, so it was not need.
6. A: last night someone broke into our house.
B: Oh dear. Anything was taken?
7. Mr. Kelly can’t use this office at the moment.
It is decorated.
8. George didn;t have his car yesterday.
It was serviced at the garage.
9. Where is my bicycle? It’s gone.
It has been steal.
10. The poeple next door disappeared six month ago.
They wasn’t seen since then.
11. This room looks different.
It has been beeing painted since I was last here?
12. A tree was lying across the road.
It was being blewn down in the strom.

UNIT 3

Skimming

page 26
Exercise 1

1. Against

2. Against

3. For
4. Against
5. Against
6. For
7. Against
8. Against

page 27
Exercise 2
1. Against
2. For
3. For
4. For
5. Against
6. For
7. For
8. For


page 28-29
exercise 1
1. Comparison
2. Comparison
3. Listing
4. Cause-effect
5. Comparison
6. Comparison
7. Time-order
8. Comparison

page 30
exercise 2
1. Time-order
2. Time-order
3. Comparison
4. Cause-effect
5. Comparison
6. Listing
7. Cause-effect

Scanning
(page 32-43)
The Ansewers of Exercise 1
There are 6 features in the magazines.
The title of the article on noise pollution is “The Trouble with Jet Skis”.
I can read about long lake on page 2.
There are 6 departements in the magazine.
Yes, it does. It is on page 17.
I can read about birds on page 23.
Yes, it does. His name is John Mitchell.
I can read about freshwater ponds on page 14.
The title of the article by Betsy Colburn is “Watcher at the Pond”.
The Article by Deborah Knight is on the page 6.

The Answers of Exercise 2
Item(s) Page(s)
TOEFL 132
Taste 53
Vocabulary v, 12, 28, 29, 33,37,61, 75, 92, 107, 126
Writing 63
Sound 75, 76, 131, 135, 148, 152, 156
Stereotype 9, 14, 53
Time magazine 118
University of Illinois 127, 128, 132
Andrew Wright 159
Garry trudeau 66

The Answers of Exercise 3
The ferry depart from Seattle at 7:00 AM.
The ferry depart from Victoria at 2:00 PM.
I cann’t take the ferry on a Wenesday in March or April.
There are two ferry trips everyday, during June 30, until September 14.
There are ferry trips only on the weekends, during October 1, until October 15.
The bill of a round trip for a student os $39.
A father and two litle children would pay $93 for round trip.
The lastest time that I can take a ferry from Victoria to Seattle is at 4:20 PM.
The ferry take to travel from Seattle to Victoria is about 5 hours more 20 minutes.
No, I cann’t. I cann’t take a ferry from Victoria at 4:20 PM in October.

Parts of Speech
(page 51)
The Ansewers of Exercise 1
In 1610, Galileo Galilei of Pisa, Italy, used his simple telescope and pointed it aat the
moon’s mountains and valleys.
Used = transitive verb
Simple = qualitative adjective
Telescope = countable noun
Pointed = transitive verb
Montains = countable verb
Valleys = countable verb

People who make a living by hunting birds can tell you that certain birds, because of their colour, can easily deceive you.
People = countable nouns
Make = transitive verb
Hunting = transitive verb
Tell = transitive verb
Certain = qualitative adjective
Birds = countable nouns
Colour = countable noun
Easily = qualitative adjective
Deceive = transitive verb

A cameleon can easily change colour so that it is difficult to distinguish it from its surroundings.
Cameleon = countable noun
Easily = qualitative adjective
Change = transitive verb
Colour = countable noun
Difficult = qualitative adjective
Distinguish = transitive verb
Surrounding = Noun (geround)

The acid which is produced by those gland cells is so strong that it can harm living cells.
Acid = countable noun
Produced = transitive verb
Gland = countable noun
Cells = countable nouns
So = subordinate conjunction
Strong = qualitative adjective
Harm = transitive verb
Living = Noun (geround)
Cells = countable nouns


The officer highest in rank in a foreign agency or an embassy is an ambassador who heads the embassy and represents his government in diplomacy or diplomatic affairs.
Officer = countable noun
Highest = qualitative adjective
Rank = adverb of place
Foreign = qualitative adjective
Agency = countable noun
Embassy = countable noun
Ambassador = countable noun
Heads = transitive verb
Embassy = countable noun
Ambassador = countable noun
Represents = transitive verb
Government = countable noun
Diplomacy = intransitive verb
Diplomatic = uncountable noun
Affairs = abstract noun

A legation is also a diplomat lower than an ambassador, and he represents his government in a foreign country.
Legation = countable noun
Diplomat = countable noun
Lower = qualitative adjective
Ambassador = countable noun
Represents = transitive verb
Government = countable noun
Foreign = qualitative adjective
Country = adverb of place

Such relations are important to maintain these countries’ national interest through international co-operation.
Relations = countable noun
Important = qualitative adjective
Maintain = transitive verb
countries’ = countable verb
national = countable noun
interest = qualitative adjective
international = adverb
co-operation = countable noun

He wished that he could have continued his study, but he could not; he had to earn money to support his family.
Wished = transitive verb
Family = countable noun
Support = transitive verb
Money = uncountable noun
Earn = transitive verb

However, when Sams was thirty years old and had had a great eal of experience, he moved to Fransisco, where he merried Olivia Langdon in 1870.
Years = adverb of time
Old = qualitative adjective
Had = auxiliary verb
Experience = countable noun
Moved = intransitive verb
Merried = transitive verb

Writing to a busy man requires that you state your business quickly and accurately, but courteously.
Writing = transitive verb
Busy = qualitative adjective
man = countable noun
requires = transitive verb
state = transitive verb
business = countable noun
quickly = qualitative adjective
accurately = qualitative adjective
courteously = qualitative adjective

UNIT 4

Types of Sentences
(page 54)
Practice 83-A
1. Many poor boys became famous. (Simple sentence)
2. Wood was a famous painter and Bok was a foremost editor. (Simple sentence)
3. Before he assumed his job, he prepared for it very carefully. (Complex sentence)
4. Bok made the best of a bad situation. (Simple sentence)
5. Hendry Ford inherited many traits from his mother . (Simple sentence)
6. Because he had a brillian mind, Ford planed his horseless carriage. (Complex sentence)
7. He hadn’t worked hard he would never have become a success . (Complex sentence)
8. Will Roger enjoyed wealth and fame in abundance . (Compound sentence)
9. Thomas Edison who made his first scientific experiment at the age of six, invented many things . (Complex sentence)
10. After he invented the phonograph , Edison wrote an article for the megazines. (Complex sentence)

Practice 83-B
1. Grant’s tomb, which was built of granite, is located in New York. (Complex sentence)
2. Though Grant was a fearless military man, he was a weak President. (Compound sentence)
3. Grant and Lee were two famous generals. (Simple sentence)
4. His memoirs, which were finished a week before his death, were sold by Mrs. Grant. (Complex sentence)
5. He fought the southern troops under terrible conditions. (Simple sentence)
6. Lee was offered the command of the union army, but he chose to lead the South. (Complex sentence)
7. When grant finished his second term as President, he and his family toured Europed. (Complex sentence)
8. U.S. Grant served two tems as President, but he died a poor man. (Compound sentence)
9. Clay was a brilliant orator, but Webster was the greatest of them all. (Compound sentence)
10. Clay was a leader of a group of young statesmen who were called “War Hawks”. (Complex sentence)
11. Clay was a member of the cabinet before Webster was ever in the Senate.
12. They worked and fought side by side. (Simple sentence)
13. Andrew Jackson had a nickname “Old Hickory”. (Simple sentence)
14. He had a strong personality or he would never have risen to such heights. (Simple sentence)
15. Jackson, who was the Hero of the Battke of New Orleans, was a military leader. (Compound sentence)

UNIT 5

Types of Sentences
(page 56-57)
The Answers of Exercise B
1. To make money, they must first spend money, for inventory, supplies, equipment and facilities acquired and employees paid.
2. Revenue from sales of the firm’s product should be the chief source of funding.
3. Financial manager is the ones who keeps track of how money is flowing into and out of the firms.
4. A financial manager decides how the available funds will be used, how much money is needed, and where to get it.
5. Financial management is the responsibility of the vice president of finance of the chief of finance officer.
6. The main function of accountants is to collect and present financial data.
7. The basis of financial decision is financial statement.
8. The financial manager’s job is focus on cash flow and out flow of cash.
9. The jobs of CFO are coordinate information from such area as marketing and production to develop and carry out financial strategies.
10. In a small firm, the financial functions are performed by either the accounting department or one or two poeple.
11. The key activities of the financial managers are financial planning, investment and financing.
12. Budgets are a way to control expense and compare the actual performance to the forecast.
13. The function of budgets are revised when the assumptions on which the budgets was based on longer hold true.
14. The three types of budgets are cash budgets, capital budgets and operating budgets.

(page 58-61)
Exercise 1
1. The one who keep track of how money is flowing into and out the firm is known as:
(b) financial manager.
2. The formal written forcast of revenue and expenses is known as:
(c) budget.
3. It is used to forecast the firm’s cash inflow and outflow:
(a) Cash budget
4. Investment, financing and financial planning are the main activities of:
(b) Financial manager
5. It is used to control and monitor the performance of a division or department:
(c) Budget

Exercise 2
1. revenue = (b) the main source of funding
2. finance = (a) sum of money intended for special purpose
3. expectation = (f) hopes
4. company = (k) firm
5. job = (m) assignment
6. expense = (l) cost
7. function = (e) role
8. division = (o) Segment
9. plan = (g) design
10. equipment = (n) apparatus
11. estimate = (j) approximate to some value more or less acuracy
12. implement = (h) the act of planning
13. projection = (i) put into practice
14. available = (c) obtainable
15. fund = (a) sum of money intended for special purpose
Exercise 3
1. All companies need money to meet the goals.
(TRUE)
2. Keeping track of cash inflow and outflow is the function of financial managers.
(TRUE)
3. Preparing and implemaenting financial plans is one of the duties of financial managers.
(FALSE)
4. Financial forecast starts with the financial planning process within the firm.
(FALSE)
5. Budget are formal written forecast or revenues and expenses.
(TRUE)
6. Cash budgets forcast outlays for fixed assets.
(FALSE)
7. Budgets guarantee that the firm will have enough funds to buy the equipment. (FALSE)
8. Operating budgets forecast the firm’s cash inflows and outflows.
(FALSE)

Exercise 4
NO. NOUN VERB
1. Equipment Equipe
2. Relation Relate
3. Statement State
4. Preparation Prepare
5. Coordination Coordinate
6. Information Inform
7. Development Develop
8. Estimation Estimate
9. Combination Combine
10. Consideration Consider

The Answer of Exercise 5
1. Money is refered to capital.
2. Continue to is refered to advanced.
3. Chief is refered to primary.
4. Obtain is refered to available.
5. Factor is refered to element.
6. Uses is refered to utilizes.
7. Paid back is refered to repaid.
8. Anticipate is refered to solve.

(page 66-69)
Exercise 1
1. The books from the library need to be returned by Friday.
2. The parents and the chid often watch Disney movies.
3. The phone that belongs to the two friends has finally run out of minutes.
4. That pair of trousers look good on you.
5. Either Matilda or her brother use the simphony tickets each week.
6. The crowd was cheering wildly for Tom.
7. The politics of this campign seem very complicated.
8. Everyone at the company’s headquarters knows the code to the safe.
9. Gulliver’s Travels are one of my favorite books.
10. Measles cause a good deal of itching.

Exercise 2
1. Emily and Greg come to my house every Friday for lunch.
2. There needs is time to watch the movie.
3. My friends who are in the band want me to play a musical instrument.
4. My father or my brothers are coming with me to the ball game.
5. Everyone needs time to relax.
6. That bag of oranges look fresh.
7. The lacrosse team hope to win the turnament next week.
8. Your trousers need to be cleaned.
9. Some of the books on the shelf are dusty.
10. Even though the students like the class, a few think that is too complicated.
Exercise 3
1. So many people are waiting outside.
2. The office next door was closed all day yesterday.
3. The print on the labels is so small.
4. The carpet has so many stains on it that it needs to be replaced.
5. The Trade Union members’ meeting are downstairs in the Conference Room.
6. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor have moved in the next door to us.
7. Two cars and a coach were involved in the motorway accident.
8. This application form for the new job, which was posted yesterday, has gone missing.
9. My neighbour plays his music so loud that the walls almost vibrate.
10. Ricardo does not care whether United or City is winning.
11. The bouquet of flowers has just arrived.
12. He makes use of the computer now, and even writes reports for the manager with it.

UNIT 8 & QUIZ

COHERENCE

1.(9) Miyoko’s first stopon her flight on Tokyo to the United States was San Fransisco.
2.(7) She expected to find the tall skyscapers she had seen on postcard on New York.
3.(3) But San Fransisco did not look anything like New York.
4.(14) For one thing, it is all buit on hills.
5.(5) Many homes have views of the bay and ocean.
6.(10) Miyoko especially like two the bridges that cross San Fransisco Bay.
7.(8) The bay Bridges is majestic.
8.(13) Even more beautiful is the Garden Gate Bridge, stretching from San Fransisco to Marin Country.
9.(1) The Garden Gate Bridge separates San Fransisco Bay from the Pasific Osean.
10.(4) It crosses to San Fransisco to Oakland.
11.(12) After seeing the many hills and bridges, Miyoko was surprised to learn that San Fransisco has a very large Japanes population.
12.(2) She went to Japan center, where the Buidings and Restaurants looked familiar.
13.(6) Here she was able to talk with people in her native language.
14.(11) From them, she learned that San Fransisco is a most hospitable city for people from the Orient.


Exercise 1

1.KIND OF DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT FROM SUPPORTING FACTS TO A GENERAL STATEMENT.
b. At the bottom’ Professor John Mathewson had Sprained his ankel.
e. Partway up, he had lost his rope.
a. When he was almost at the top, his foot had slipped on a loose rock, and he had nearly fallen 1,000 feet down the steer side of the peak.
c. Finally, Professor John Mathewson crawled to the top of Mt. Everest.
d. It had been a long, hard climb to the top.

2. KIND OF DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT FROM THE MOST IMPORTANT TO THE LEAST IMPORTANT.
b. I argeud that two years of study abroad would help me a lot at this stage of my career.
e. I found it hard to leave my home and travel to another land.
c. For one thing, my father was not well.
a. Then, too, my mother wanted me to stay close my sister.
d. Finally, my sister offered to stay at home alone during my absence.
f. this made some of my problems begins to vanish.

3.KIND OF DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT FROM
b. Standing of the edge of the road, I looked up the fently winding driveway that climbed to the front of the road.
e. The house stood on a level space surrounded by tall oak trees.
a. Behind the house a hill rose sharply.
d. The hill ended in a curved peak that seemed to frame the whole scene.
c. I had never seen such a lovely setting for a house.

4.KIND OF DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT FROM THE MOST IMPORTANT TO LEAST IMPORTANT.
c. Jose did not complete his mathematics examination yesterday.
d. Like many college students, he does not know how to use time profitably during an examination.
a. He spent the first fifteen minutes of the hours working on the first of ten examination problems.
b. He spent other minutes doodling on his test paper.

5.KIND OF DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT FROM THE MOST IMPORTANT TO LEAST IMPORTANT.
a. Then you will come to a hallway leading to the library’s music room.
d. As you enter te main door of the library, you will see the information desk directly in front of you.
b. Walking arround the information desk to the left, you will pass the children’s reading room on your right.
e. At the end of the hallway you will see a sign.
c. The sign reads, To the Music Room.

EXERCISE 2

1.KIND OF DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT BY TIME
(2) Elizabet’s classmates knew that she would win the top award in chemistry during her senior year at Colombia University.
(3) First, she had studied chemistry during her sophomore and junior years.
(1) Second, she never missed a class.
(4) Third, she performed every required experiment in all her chemistry courses.
(5) Fourth, she always worked hard.

2.KIND OF DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT BY SPACE
(1) While standing in front of the information desk in the library, I saw some students using the files in the reference from some distance away.
(2) About 15 feet away from me, an old lady wearing a large hat put on her glasses. (3) She was studying a rare book in one of the locked display cases.
(4) Much closer to me, two students were quietly and seriously talking about a book.

3.KIND OF DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT FROM SUPPORTING FACTS TO A GENERAL STATEMENT
(1) Our candidates do not want our blassings.
(2) When she went to the polls, she took her ballot and simply wrote on the bottom of it, “God bless you all!”.
(3) We should not be like the lady who knew all the candidates in a small-town election and though they were all such nice people that she could not choose among them.
(4) They want our votes.
(5) We must all use our right to vote.

4.KIND OF DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT FROM THE MOST IMPORTANT TO LEAST IMPORTANT
(2) Arizona is a large state.
(3) Yet Arizona could absorb all six New England states, add Holland, and still have more than enough room to tuck in Switzerland.
(6) On a map, ordered by other western states, Arizona appears to be only of average size.
(1) But the state’s population, although it is growing at a tremendous rate, is well bellow that of the city of Pittsburg.
(5) Its population is only 638,000.
(4) Arizonans have plenty of living room.

5.KIND OF DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT FROM A GENERAL STATEMENT TO SUPPORTING STATEMENTS
(3) A good vocabulary, then, can give you a real sense of power and a feeling of pleasure.
(7) Look up the word genial in a dictionary before you leave school this afternoon.
(2) Use it correctly in convertation thee times before tomorrow’s class.
(6) If you learn a new word everyday, in a year’s time you will have 365 new sources of power and pleasure.
(4) The word will then be yours to keep.
(5) You’ll be on your way toward making yourself a master of words.
(1) Why not start now?


THE ANSWERS OF QUESTIONS 1-23

Questions 1-8
1.The main poin of this passage is that:
(C) although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industy, it is not allowed in home products
2.The word “widely” in line 2 could most easily be replaced by:
(B) extensively
3.The wor “banned” in lne 4 is closest in meaning to:
(A) forbidden
4.According to the passage, before 1970 carbon tetrachloride was:
(D) not allowed in home cleaning products
5.It is sate in thr passage that when carbon tetrachloride is heated, it becomes:
(A) harmful
6.The word “inhaled” in line 7 is closest in meaning to:
(B) breathed in
7.The word “revoked” in line 8 could most easily be repleced by:
(A) gave
8.It can be inferred from this passage that one role of the U.S. goverment is to:
(A) regulate product safety

Questions 9-16
9.The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses:
(A) a survey of eighteenth-century art
10.Which of the following best describes the information in the passage:
(B) one artist’s life and works are desribed
11.Whistler is considered an American artist because:
(A) he was born in America
12.The word “majority” in line 2 is closest in meaning to:
(D) high presentage
13.It is implied in the passage that Whistler’s family was:
(B) highly supportive of his desire to persue art
14.The word “objection” in the line 7 is closest in meaning to:
(A) protest
15.In line 8, “etchings” are:
(A) a type of painting
16.The word “asymmetrical” in line 11 is closest in meaning to:
(B) uneven

Questions 17-23
17.Which of the following is the best title for this passage?:
(D) The Evermoving Stars
18.The expression “naked eye” in line 1 most probably refers to:
(C) unassisted vision
19.According to the passage, the distance between the stars and Earth are:
(B) huge
20.The word “perceptible” in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following:
(A) noticeable
21.In line 6, “misconseption” is closest in meaning to a/an:
(C) erreneous belief
22.The passage states that 200 years Bernard’s star can move:
(D) a distance seemingly equal to the diameter of the Moon
23.The passage implies that from Earth it appears that the planets:
(C) show approximately the same amount of movement as the stars

TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

Eka Larasanta Buana
Akuntansi F/109200202

assignment for outlining

Students of Accounting at IM Telkom have to write an outline from book page 41 – 43.
Sebagai contoh:

• P1: The Philippine Air Force ferried medical teams and relief supplies today to provinces ravaged by Typhoon Agnes. The authorities said 515 people had died in the typhoon and more than 400 were missing.
‘Typhoon Agnes’ resulting in about 515 dead and 400 missing

ANSWER

THE NEW YORK TIMES
PHILIPPINES SENDS AID FOR TYPHOON DAMAGE

515 people had died in the typhoon agnes and more than 400 were missing.
More than 163 tons of food,medicine,and clothing had teen sent to the Visayan region 300 miles south of Manila.
Panay island which appeared to have been hit the worst.Most of the fatalitiesvand missing were on the island where 445000 people were homeless go percent of the 86.000 houses in Capiz Province on panay was destroyed many of dead were childear.

14 YONKERS STORES DAMAGED BY FILE

A far alarm file damaged 14 stores today in the cross country shopping center.
The fire started in apile of cardboard cartons at the rear of a shop store at 4.40 P.M
Two fire fighters were freated at the scene for minor cuts.The cause of the fire was under investigation.

BOSTON TIMES
BOSTON – BAND TRAIN DERAILS, 34 HURT

Bosten-Bound train deraild and injured 34 people,none of them seriously the train coming from Washington DC,Boston.
The Northeast Corridor was one of the worst in recent memory in this part The accident stopped all train travel between New York and Newark.The tracks to and from New York to Boston were still open in use.
15 crew members and 17 passangers suffered only minor injuries.Two crew members, stayed in the hospital over night.

THE NEW YORK GLOBE
AMTRACK DERAILMENT NEAR SECAUCUS INJURES 35.

108 passengers and crew members were on the train when it derailed nearing New York at 6.33 A.M.The train was speeding across the Hackensack River Bridge when it left the track.
No one was killed but 35 persons were injured, including two who were injured seriously.
The Hackensack River Bridge is a swing bridge that open allow tall boats to pass through.Senator Frank Lautenberg informed that a boat had passed through the bridge just two hours earlier.

TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

Eka Larasanta Buana
Akuntansi F/109200202

QUIZ FOR IM TELKOM TAKING ON GENERAL AND BUSINESS ENGLISH
I. POSITION OF THE TOPIC SENTENCES

The topic sentence may be the first or last sentence in a paragraph. The topic may also be the first and last sentence on the paragraph – “sandwich style.” A “sandwich style” paragraph is especially helpful to you reader if the paragraph is very long. The second topic sentence in the “sandwich style” paragraph also serves as a concluding sentence.
Study the following three paragraphs. Notice the different position for the topic sentence in each. The topic sentences are underlined.

Model 2 : position of topic sentences

Hurricanes
Hurricanes, which are also called cyclones, exert tremendous power. These violent storms are often a hundred miles in diameter, and their winds can reach velocities* of seventy-five miles per hour or more. Furthermore, the strong winds and heavy rainfall that accompany them can completely destroy a small town in a couple of hours. The energy that is released by a hurricane in one day exceeds the total energy consumed by human kind throughout the world in one year.
Famous Schooll “Failures”
Albert Einstein, one of the world’s geniuses, failed his university entrance examination on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of America note writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir William Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of English language, had to have special tutoring in English during elementary school. These examples show that failure in school does not always predict failure in life.
Synonyms
Synonym words, that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example the words “stingy” and “frugal” both mean” careful with money. “however, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word frugal has a much more positive connotation*. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive, but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.

II. Recognizing the Topic Sentence______________________________________

Remember, the topic sentence indicates the main idea of a paragraph and is the most general statement in the paragraph.
STEP 1 Decide which of the following sentences in the topic sentence of the paragraph.
STEP 2 Write TS on the line next to that sentence.
STEP 3 Decide what order the supporting sentences should be in and number them 1,2,3 and 4.

ANSWER

paragraph 1
TS) c. Driving in winter, especially on snowy, icy roads, can be less trouble some if you take a few simple precautions*.
1) b. First, put on snow tires if you plan to drive on snowy, icy roads very often.
2) e. Second, check the amount of antifreeze in your radiator and add more if necessary.
3) a. Next, add anti freeze to your windshield washer fluid; otherwise, the fluid will freeze and possibly break the container.
4) d. Finally, it is also a good idea to carry tire chains, a can of spray to unfreeze door locks and a windshield scraper in your car when driving in winter weather.

paragraph2
TS) b. Researchers in the automobile industry are experimenting with different types of engines and fuels as alternative to the conventional gasoline engines.
1) c. One new type of engine, which burns diesel oil instead of gasoline, has been available for several years.
2) e. A second type is the gas turbine engine, which can use fuels made from gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, other petroleum distillates*, or methanol.
3) a. Furthermore, researchers are continuing to work on the development of an efficient, electrically powered automobile.
4) d. Finally, several automobile manufactures are experimenting with methanol, which is a mixture of gasoline and methyl alcohol, as an automobile fuel.

paragraph 3

( TS ) e. Some form of written communication has been used throughout the centuries.
1) b. In the earliest times, people carved or painted messages on rocks.
2) c. In the middle Ages, heavy paper called parchment was used for writing; books were laboratoriously copied by hand.
3)d. With the invention of the printing press in the middle of the fifteenth century, the modern printing industry was born.
4)a. Later on, people began to write on pieces of leather, which were rolled into scrolls.

paragraph 4

TS) b. American Indian names are very descriptive, for Indian were usually named for physical attribute, for an occurrence in nature, or for animal.
1) c. Grey Eagle, red dog, Big bear, and spotted wolf are example of Indians named after animals.
2) d. Indians with distinctive physical characteristics might be given such names as big foot or crooked leg.
3) a. If there had been a big storm on the day of a baby’s birth, the baby might have been named thunder cloud.

paragraph 5

TS) d. The validity* of standardized intelligence test is being seriously questioned by educators and physiologists
1) b. Many experts also question whether I.Q. scores are related to intelligence.
2) a. For one thing, Individual I.Q. scores vary considerably.
3) c. Furthermore, most psychologists agree that intelligence test are biased* in favor of middle-class children.
4) e. In fact, motivation seems to be just as important as intelligence in determining a person’s ability to learn.